请问：微生物实验室怎样合理布局?
发布时间：
2022-12-24
作者：
洁净室微生物培养基
请问：微生物实验室怎样合理布局?
答：微生物实验室不同于一般的实验室工程或净化工程。主要应用于微生物学、生物医学、生物化学、动物实验、基因工程以及生物制品等研究使用的实验室统称为生物安全实验室。微生物实验室由准备室、洗涤室、灭菌室、无菌室、恒温培养室和普通实验室六部分组成。这些房间的共同特点是地板和墙壁的质地光滑坚硬，仪器和设备的陈设简洁，便于打扫卫生。
一
准备室
准备室用于配制培养基和样品处理等。室内设有试剂柜、存放器具或材料的专柜、实验台、电炉、冰箱和上下水道、电源等。
二
洗涤室
洗涤室用于洗刷器皿等。由于使用过的器皿已被微生物污染，有时还会存在病原微生物。因此，在条件允许的情况下，最好设置洗涤室。室内应备有加热器、蒸锅，洗刷器皿用的盆、桶等，还应有各种瓶刷、去污粉、肥皂、洗衣粉等。
三
灭菌室
灭菌室主要用于培养基的灭菌和各种器具的灭菌，室内应备有高压蒸汽灭菌器、烘箱等灭菌设备及设施。
四
无菌室
无菌室也称接种室，是系统接种、纯化菌种等无菌操作的专用实验室。在微生物中，菌种的接种移植是一项主要操作，这项操作的特点就是要保证菌种纯种，防止杂菌的污染。在一般环境的空气中，由于存在许多尘埃和杂菌，很易造成污染，对接种工作干扰很大。
1.无菌室的设置
无菌室应根据既经济又科学的原则来设置。其基本要求有以下几点：
（1）无菌室应有内、外两间，内间是无菌室，外间是缓冲室。房间容积不宜过大，以便于空气灭菌。最小内间面积2×2.5＝5m2，外间面积1×2＝2m2，高以2.5m以下为宜，都应有天花板。
（2）内间应当设拉门，以减少空气的波动，门应设在离工作台最远的位置上；外间的门最好也用拉门，要设在距内间最远的位置上。
（3）在分隔内间与外间的墙壁或“隔扇”上，应开一个小窗，作接种过程中必要的内外传递物品的通道，以减少人员进出内间的次数，降低污染程度。小窗宽60cm、高40cm、厚30cm，内外都挂对拉的窗扇。
（4）无菌室容积小而严密，使用一段时间后，室内温度很高，故应设置通气窗。通气窗应设在内室进门处的顶棚上（即离工作台最远的位置），最好为双层结构，外层为百叶窗，内层可用抽板式窗扇。通气窗可在内室使用后、灭菌前开启，以流通空气。有条件可安装恒温恒湿机。
2.无菌室内设备和用具
（1）无菌室内的工作台，不论是什么材质、用途的，都要求表面光滑和台面水平。
（2）在内室和外室各安装一个紫外灯（多为30W）。内室的紫外线灯应安装在经常工作的座位正上方，离地面2m，外室的紫外线灯可安装在外室中央。
（3）外室应有专用的工作服、鞋、帽、口罩、盛有来苏儿水的瓷盆和毛巾、手持喷雾器和5%石炭酸溶液等。
（4）内室应有酒精灯、常用接种工具、不锈钢制的刀、剪、镊子、70%的酒精棉球、工业酒精、载玻璃片、特种蜡笔、记录本、铅笔、标签纸、胶水、废物筐等。
3.无菌室的灭菌消毒
（1）薰蒸：这是无菌室彻底灭菌的措施。无菌室使用了较长时间，污染比较严重时，应进行薰蒸灭菌。可用甲醛、乳酸或硫磺薰蒸。
（2）喷雾：在每次使用无菌室前进行。喷雾可促使空气中微粒及微生物沉降，防止桌面、地面上的微尘飞场，并有杀菌作用。可用5%石炭酸喷雾。
（3）紫外线照射：在每次使用无菌室前进行。紫外线有较好的杀菌效果。通常应开启紫外线灯照射30～60min。
4.无菌室工作规程
（1）无菌室灭菌。每次使用前开启紫外线灯照射30min以上，或在使用前30min，对内外室用5%石炭酸喷雾。
（2）用肥皂洗手后，把所需器材搬入外室；在外室换上已灭菌的工作服、工作帽和工作鞋，戴好口罩，然后用2%煤酚皂液将手浸洗2分钟。
（3）将各种需用物品搬进内室清点、就位，用5%石炭酸在工作台面上方和操作员站位空间喷雾，返回外室，5～10min后再进内室工作。
（4）接种操作前，用70%酒精棉球擦手；进行无菌操作时，动作要轻缓，尽量减少空气波动和地面扬尘。
（5）工作中应注意安全。如遇棉塞着火，用手紧握或用湿布包裹熄灭，切勿用嘴吹，以免扩大燃烧；如遇有菌培养物洒落或打碎有菌容器时，浸润5%石炭酸的抹布包裹后，并用浸润5%石炭酸的抹布擦拭台面或地面，用酒精棉球擦手后再继续操作。
（6）工作结束，立即将台面收拾干净，将不应在无菌室存放的物品和废弃物全部拿出无菌室后，对无菌室用5%石炭酸喷雾，或开紫外线灯照射30min。
五
恒温培养室
1.培养室的设置
（1）培养室应有内、外两间，内室是培养室，外室是缓冲室。房间容积不宜大，以利于空气灭菌，内室面积在3.2×4.4＝14m2左右，外室面积在3.2×1.8＝6m2左右，高以2.5m左右为宜，都应有天花板。
（2）分隔内室与外室的墙壁上部应设带空气过滤装置的通风口。
（3）为满足微生物对温度的需要，需安装恒温恒湿机。
（4）内外室都应在室中央安装紫外线灯，以供灭菌用。
2.培养室内设备及用具
（1）内室通常配备培养架和摇瓶机（摇床）。常用的摇瓶机有旋转式、往复式两种。
（2）外室应有专用的工作服、鞋、帽、口罩、手持喷雾器和5%石炭酸溶液、70%酒精棉球等。
3.培养室的灭菌消毒
（1）同无菌室的灭菌、消毒措施。
（2）小规模的培养可不启用恒温培养室，而在恒温培养箱中进行。
六
普通实验室
进行微生物的观察、计数和生理生化测定工作的场所。室内的陈设因工作侧重点不同而有很大的差异。一般均配备实验台、显微镜、柜子及凳子。实验台要求平整、光滑，实验柜要足以容纳日常使用的用具及药品等。
七
实验室其他要求
水、电、气等的容量、布设、性能均应满足实验室工作的需要。
来自日水培养基 qdrishui.cn
Excuse me: how is the microbiology laboratory properly arranged?
A: microbiological laboratories are different from general laboratory engineering or purification engineering. Laboratories mainly used in microbiology, biomedical science, biochemistry, animal experiments, genetic engineering and biological products are collectively referred to as biosafety laboratories. The microbiological laboratory consists of six parts: preparation room, washing room, sterilization room, sterile room, thermostatic culture room and general laboratory. The common feature of these rooms is that the floor and walls are smooth and hard, the equipment and equipment are simple and easy to clean.
a
Preparation room
The preparation room is used for preparing medium and sample treatment. The laboratory is equipped with a reagent cabinet, a special cabinet for storing utensils or materials, a laboratory bench, an electric stove, a refrigerator, and a sewage and power supply.
The second
The washing room
The washing room is used for washing utensils and so on. Because used utensils have been contaminated by microorganisms, pathogenic microorganisms sometimes exist. Therefore, it is advisable to set up a washing room if conditions permit. Indoor should have heater, boiler, the basin that washs utensils to use, bucket, still should all sorts of bottle brush, decontamination powder, soap, washing powder.
three
The sterilization room
Sterilization room is mainly used for sterilization of culture medium and all kinds of apparatus. The room should be equipped with high pressure steam sterilizer, oven and other sterilization equipment and facilities.
four
Sterile room
The sterile room is also called the inoculation room, and it is a special laboratory for sterilization operations such as systematic inoculation and purification of bacterial species. In microorganisms, inoculation and transplantation of strains is a major operation, which is characterized by ensuring the purity of strains and preventing contamination of miscellaneous bacteria. In the air of general environment, due to the existence of a lot of dust and miscellaneous bacteria, it is easy to cause pollution and greatly interferes with the inoculation work.
1. Setting of sterile room
Sterile rooms should be set up on the basis of both economic and scientific principles. Its basic requirements are as follows:
(1) there shall be two sterile rooms inside and outside, the inner sterile room and the outer buffer room. Room volume should not be too large for air sterilization. Minimum interior-area: 2 * 2.5 = 5m2; outer interior-area: 1 * 2 = 2m2; height: 2.5m or less; ceiling.
(2) sliding doors should be installed between the inside to reduce air fluctuation, and the door should be located at the farthest position from the workbench; Outside the door had better also use sliding door, want to set apart from inside the farthest position on.
(3) in the space between inside and outside the wall or on the partition board, should open a small window, make the necessary internal and external transfer items in the process of vaccination, in order to reduce personnel between in and out in the number of times, reduce the pollution level. The small window is 60cm in width, 40cm in height and 30cm in thickness.
(4) the aseptic room has a small and strict volume. After a period of use, the indoor temperature is very high, so the ventilation window should be set. Ventilating window should be set on the ceiling of the place of inside room enter a door (the farthest position from workbench namely), had better be double deck structure, outer layer is shutter, inner layer can use the window of type of sucker plate type. Ventilation Windows can be opened after use in the inner room, before sterilization, to circulate air. The constant temperature and humidity machine can be installed under conditions.
2. Sterile indoor equipment and utensils
(1) the work table in the sterile room, no matter what material or use, requires a smooth surface and a horizontal surface.
(2) one ultraviolet lamp (mostly 30W) shall be installed in the inner room and the outer room respectively. The uv lamp of the inner room should be installed directly above the seat that often works, 2m above the ground, and the uv lamp of the outer room can be installed in the center of the outer room.
(3) the outer room shall have special work clothes, shoes, hats, masks, porcelain basins and towels with basil water, hand-held sprayer and 5% carbonic acid solution, etc.
(4) the inner chamber should be alcohol lamp, commonly used vaccination tools, stainless steel knife, scissors, tweezers, 70% alcohol cotton ball, industrial alcohol, glass, special crayons, pads, pencils, label paper, glue, litter baskets, etc.
3. Sterilization of the sterile room
(1) fumigation: this is a complete sterilization measure of the sterile room. The sterile room has been used for a long time and should be fumigated and sterilized if the pollution is serious. Can be fumigated with formaldehyde, lactic acid or sulfur.
(2) spray: before each use of the sterile room. Spray can promote the settlement of particles and microorganisms in the air, prevent the flying field of dust on the table and ground, and have sterilization effect. Use 5% carbonic acid spray.
(3) ultraviolet radiation: before each use of the sterile room. Ultraviolet ray has better sterilization effect. Uv lamps should normally be on for 30 to 60 minutes.
4. Working procedures of sterile room
(1) sterile room sterilization. Turn on the uv lamp for more than 30min before each use, or apply 5% carbonic acid spray to the inner and outer chamber 30min before use.
(2) after washing hands with soap, move the necessary equipment into the outer room; Put on sterilized work clothes, work cap and work shoes in the outer room, put on the mask, and wash hands with 2% cresol soap for 2 minutes.
(3) carry all kinds of articles needed into the inner room, count and place them. Spray 5% carbonic acid on the upper part of the working table and operator station space, return to the outer room, and work in the inner room after 5-10 minutes.
(4) use 70% alcohol cotton ball to wipe hands before inoculation operation; When sterile operation is carried out, the movement should be light and slow to minimize air fluctuation and ground dust.
(5) safety should be paid attention to in work. If the tampon catches fire, hold it by hand or extinguish it with a damp cloth, do not blow it with your mouth to prevent it from burning more. In case of bacteria cultures on or break have bacterium container, infiltrating 5% carbolic acid cloth parcel, and infiltrating 5% carbolic acid cloth to wipe the table or the ground, with alcohol cotton balls to clean hands and then continue to operate.
(6) work over, will immediately mesa clean, will not be stored in a sterile room items, and all waste out of the sterile room, after the sterile room with 5% carbolic acid spray, or uv light irradiation for 30 min.
five
Thermostatic culture chamber
1. Setting up the culture room
(1) there shall be two media rooms inside and outside, the inner one is the media room and the outer one is the buffer room. The room volume should not be large, which is conducive to air sterilization. The inner room area is around 3.2 * 4.4 = 14m2, and the outer room area is around 3.2 * 1.8 = 6m2.
(2) the upper part of the wall separating the inner room from the outer room shall be provided with an air vent with an air filtration device.
(3) in order to meet the needs of microorganisms for temperature, a constant temperature and humidity machine should be installed.
(4) uv lamp should be installed in the center of the inner and outer rooms for sterilization.
2. Develop indoor equipment and equipment
(1) the inner chamber is usually equipped with a culture frame and a bottle shaker (a shaker). The commonly used bottle shaker has rotary type, reciprocating two kinds.
(2) special working clothes, shoes, hats, masks, hand sprayer, 5% carbonic acid solution and 70% alcohol cotton balls should be provided in the outer room.
3. Sterilization of the culture room
(1) sterilization and disinfection measures of the same aseptic room.
(2) small-scale culture is carried out in a thermostatic incubator rather than a thermostatic culture chamber.
six
General laboratory
A site for the observation, counting and physiological and biochemical determination of microorganisms. Indoor furnishings vary greatly from job to job. Generally equipped with laboratory bench, microscope, cabinet and stool. The laboratory bench should be smooth and smooth, and the laboratory cabinet should be large enough to accommodate daily use of utensils and medicines.
seven
Other laboratory requirements
The capacity, layout and performance of water, electricity and gas should meet the needs of laboratory work.